Contents

Front piece: The Defeat of the Mongol Invasion Fleet

Kamikaze, the ‘Divine Wind’ The Mongol Continental Vision Turns Maritime

Mongol Naval Successes Against the Southern Song

Korea’s Historic Place in Asian Geopolitics

Ancient Pattern: The Korean Three Kingdoms Period Mongol Subjugation of Korea

Mongol Invasions of Japan

First Mongol Invasion of Japan, 1274 Second Mongol Invasion of Japan, 1281 Mongol Support for Maritime Commerce

Reflections on the Mongol Maritime Experience

Maritime Strategic and Tactical Lessons Limits on Mongol Expansion at Sea

Text and Visual Source Evidence

Texts T 1: Marco Polo on Kublai’s Decision to Invade Japan with Storm Description T 2: Japanese Traditional Song: The Mongol Invasion of Japan Visual Sources VS 1: Mongol Scroll: 1274 Invasion Battle Scene VS 2: Mongol bomb shells: earliest examples of explosive weapons from an archaeological site Selected Reading for Further Study

Notes Maps

Map 1: The Mongol Empire by 1279 Showing Attempted Mongol Conquests by Sea Map 2: Three Kingdoms Korea, Battle of Baekgang, 663 Map 3: Mongol Invasions of Japan, 1274 and 1281 Map 4: Hakata Bay Battles 1274 and 1281 Map 5: Takashima Bay Battle 1281